Palembang is the capital city of South Sumatra Province in Indonesia. Palembang is one of the oldest cities in Indonesia with a lot of history as a capital of a maritime empire. Located on the Musi River banks on the east coast of southern Sumatra island, it has an area of 400.61 square kilometres and a population of 1,441,500. Palembang is the second-largest city in Sumatra after Medan and the seventh-largest city in Indonesia. The city will host the 26th edition of Southeast Asian Games on November 11, 2011 along with Jakarta.
It was formerly the capital city of the Kingdom of Srivijaya, a powerful Malay kingdom, which influenced much of Southeast Asia.[1] The earliest evidence of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months. The first inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription around Palembang in Sumatra, dated 683.
Palembang landmarks include the Ampera bridge and the Musi River which divides the city into two, Seberang Ilir to the north and Seberang Ulu to the south. The Seberang Ilir is the economic and cultural centre and the Seberang Ulu is the political centre.
History
The city was once the capital of the ancient, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that controlled a large part of what is now Indonesia, Malaysia and Southern Thailand. Following a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire (In the period of Emperor Rajendra Chola I) of southern India it began to gradually decline in importance. Srivijaya’s capital eventually moved northward to Jambi. Palembang is also the origin of Parameswara, founder of the Malacca Sultanate.
The city was once the capital of the ancient, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that controlled a large part of what is now Indonesia, Malaysia and Southern Thailand. Following a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire (In the period of Emperor Rajendra Chola I) of southern India it began to gradually decline in importance. Srivijaya’s capital eventually moved northward to Jambi. Palembang is also the origin of Parameswara, founder of the Malacca Sultanate.
The architectural legacy of Dutch colonization is still visible in the city. Deep-water port facilities are built along the Musi River, which flows through the city.
The naval Battle of Palembang was fought near the city during the Second World War between February 13-February 15, 1942.
Kingdom of Srivijaya
The Kedukan Hill inscription, which is dated 682 A.D., is the oldest inscription found in Palembang. The inscription tells of a king who acquires magical powers and leads a large military force over water and land, setting out from Tamvan delta, arriving at a place called “Matajap,” and (in the interpretation of some scholars) founding the polity of Srivijaya. The “Matajap” of the inscription is believed to be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang.
The Kedukan Hill inscription, which is dated 682 A.D., is the oldest inscription found in Palembang. The inscription tells of a king who acquires magical powers and leads a large military force over water and land, setting out from Tamvan delta, arriving at a place called “Matajap,” and (in the interpretation of some scholars) founding the polity of Srivijaya. The “Matajap” of the inscription is believed to be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang.
In the period 850 – 1025 A.D., Palembang prospered as the center of trade between East and West. Palembang also was a center of Sanskrit and Buddhist learning. Students from China stopped in Palembang to study Sanskrit before continuoing their study in India .
In the year 990, an army from Kingdom of Medang in Java attacked Srivijaya. Palembang was sacked and the palace was looted. Chulamanivarmadeva, however, requested protection from China. By 1006, the invasion was finally repelled. In retaliation, Chulamanivarmadeva send his troops assisted King Wurawari of Luaram in his revolt against Medang. In subsequent battles, Medang Palace was destroyed and the royal family of Medang was executed.
In 1068, King Rajendra I of the Chola Dynasty of India conquered what is now modern day Kedah from Srivijaya, and began a twenty-year series of raids against Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Though ultimately Srivijaya prevailed in its conflict with the Indian kingdom, the invasion left Srivijaya severely weakened. Having lost many soldiers in the war and with its coffers almost empty due to the twenty-year disruption of trade occasioned by the raids, the reach of Srivijaya was diminished. Its territories began to free themselves from the suzereignty of Palembang and to establish many small kingdoms all over the former empire. There is some evidence that the capital of Srivijaya moved from Palembang to Jambi, but this is widely disputed.
The Fall of Sriwijaya
After the collapse of Sriwijaya, there was no major power to control the town. At that time in Palembang and the surrounding emerging local forces such as the Great Commander in the lower Yellow River Musi, The Trembling Nature group in the hills, the Master and Master Bosai Strong River upstream Histories, Commander Gumay groups along the Bukit Barisan, and so on. In addition, some merchants of China make this city as their trade base. Sea People also made their headquarters Palembang as a pirate.
After the collapse of Sriwijaya, there was no major power to control the town. At that time in Palembang and the surrounding emerging local forces such as the Great Commander in the lower Yellow River Musi, The Trembling Nature group in the hills, the Master and Master Bosai Strong River upstream Histories, Commander Gumay groups along the Bukit Barisan, and so on. In addition, some merchants of China make this city as their trade base. Sea People also made their headquarters Palembang as a pirate.
In this phase, Prince emerged last Sriwijaya, Parameswara. Following the invasion of Majapahit to Palembang, Parameswara with Sang Nila Utama go Tumasik fled. There he killed the governor Tumasik Thai nationals. When the Thai army will attack Tumasik, Parameswara with his followers moved to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, and established the kingdom of Malacca. Parameswara converted to Islam to marry the daughter of Ocean Pasai and changed his name to Sultan Iskandar Shah. Malacca flourished in the 15th century so that Parameswara became the sole ruler of the Malacca Strait.
Sultanate of Palembang
Destruction of Majapahit in Java indirectly contributed to the result of a long power Pamalayu expedition in Sumatra. Several key figures behind the collapse of Majapahit as Raden Patah, Ario Dillah (Ario Damar), and Pati Unus the figures closely kaitanya with Palembang. After the Sultanate of Demak which was the replacement of Majapahit in Java. Palembang was made the center of a sultante with Darussalam Mukmiminin Khalifatul susuhunan Sayyidu Abddurrahaman Faith as the first king. This kingdom formed the merger of two cultures. The maritime heritage of the Sriwijaya and Majapahit and agriculture and trade center of the greatest in the Malay Peninsula at the time. One of the most famous king during this period was the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II who had won three battles against the either Dutch or English forces.
Colonial Period:
After the fall of the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam after the defeat of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II in heavy fighting involving General Hendrik Merkus de Kock, Palembang became a subordinate kingdom within the Dutch East Indies. The main victory of Dutch forces under de Kock occurred in 1821.
After the fall of the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam after the defeat of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II in heavy fighting involving General Hendrik Merkus de Kock, Palembang became a subordinate kingdom within the Dutch East Indies. The main victory of Dutch forces under de Kock occurred in 1821.
Some of the sultan after Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II which states surrendered to the Dutch, tried to rebel but all failed and ended with the burning of the imperial buildings.
After that Palembang was divided into two major prefectures, and settlements in Palembang were divided into regions and Ulu Ilir.
Today
Palembang city have been declared by the President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the “City of Water Tour” on September 27, 2005. The President revealed that the city of Palembang be made water attractions such as Bangkok in Thailand and Phnom Penh in Cambodia.
Palembang city have been declared by the President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the “City of Water Tour” on September 27, 2005. The President revealed that the city of Palembang be made water attractions such as Bangkok in Thailand and Phnom Penh in Cambodia.
The city of Palembang in 2008 welcomed a tour with the name “Visit Musi 2008″. Palembang will become one of the host cities of SEA GAMES XXVI 2011.
Climate
Palembang has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical rainforest climate with relatively high humidity and sometimes significant winds. Wind speeds ranges from 2.3 km / h – 4.5 km / hour. The temperature ranges of 23.4 to 31.7 degrees Celsius. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000 mm – 3000 mm. Humidity ranges from 75 to 89% with an average of 45% of annual sunshine. During its wettest months, the city’s marshlands are routinely inundated. Average temperatures are nearly identical throughout the year in the city. The temperature ranges between 22 and 32 degrees Celsius.
Palembang has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical rainforest climate with relatively high humidity and sometimes significant winds. Wind speeds ranges from 2.3 km / h – 4.5 km / hour. The temperature ranges of 23.4 to 31.7 degrees Celsius. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000 mm – 3000 mm. Humidity ranges from 75 to 89% with an average of 45% of annual sunshine. During its wettest months, the city’s marshlands are routinely inundated. Average temperatures are nearly identical throughout the year in the city. The temperature ranges between 22 and 32 degrees Celsius.
Transportation
Palembang residents use a network of city mini-bus routes for the main form of public transport.
Palembang residents use a network of city mini-bus routes for the main form of public transport.
There are also traditional and speed boats that serve the people who live near the riverside. The traditional boat is called the Ketek.
The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has scheduled flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore by Silk Air and Malaysia by Sriwijaya Air. The latter destination being only recently offered by the airport since it has been upgraded to an international airport. This airport also serves other cities around South Sumatra Province.
The Boom Baru Harbor is the main harbor of Palembang, it is located and also connected Palembang with Bangka-Belitung Islands Province.
Palembang also has three main harbors, Boom Baru Harbor (which is the main harbor of Palembang, located on the north shore of Musi River), 36 Ilir Harbor, and Tanjung Api-api Harbor. From here frequent ferries connect Palembang to Muntok Harbor in Bangka Island, Bangka-Belitung Islands Province and also to Batam Island.
Art and Culture
Since ancient times, Palembang is a cosmopolitan port city absorbs neighboring as well as foreign cultures and influences. The influences and cultures of coastal Malay, inland Minangkabau, Javanese, Indian, Chinese, and Arab, has created rich Palembang culture. Throughout its history, Palembang has attracted migrants from other regions in the archipelago, has made this city as a multi-cultural city. Although today the city had lost its function as the major port city in the archipelago, the remnants of its heyday still evident in its culture. Most of its population was then adopted the culture of coastal Malays and Javanese. Even now it can be seen in its culture and language. Word such as “wong (person)” is an example of Javanese loanword in Palembang language. Also the Javanese knight and noble honorific titles, such as Raden Mas or Raden Ayu is used by Palembang nobles, the remnant of Palembang Sultanate courtly culture. The tombs of the Islamic heritage was not different in form and style with Islamic tombs in Java.
Since ancient times, Palembang is a cosmopolitan port city absorbs neighboring as well as foreign cultures and influences. The influences and cultures of coastal Malay, inland Minangkabau, Javanese, Indian, Chinese, and Arab, has created rich Palembang culture. Throughout its history, Palembang has attracted migrants from other regions in the archipelago, has made this city as a multi-cultural city. Although today the city had lost its function as the major port city in the archipelago, the remnants of its heyday still evident in its culture. Most of its population was then adopted the culture of coastal Malays and Javanese. Even now it can be seen in its culture and language. Word such as “wong (person)” is an example of Javanese loanword in Palembang language. Also the Javanese knight and noble honorific titles, such as Raden Mas or Raden Ayu is used by Palembang nobles, the remnant of Palembang Sultanate courtly culture. The tombs of the Islamic heritage was not different in form and style with Islamic tombs in Java.
Art and culture of Palembang, among others:
* Art Dul Muluk (traditional drama performances Palembang)
* Dances like Gending Sriwijaya held a reception to the guests, and dance that was exhibited in Tanggai wedding reception
* Regional Songs such as decks Sangke, Cuk Ilang Mak, CEO, and Ribang Kemambang
* Traditional House of Palembang is Limas House and House Raft
* Ornamental boat festival and competition in the River Musi bidar
* Art Dul Muluk (traditional drama performances Palembang)
* Dances like Gending Sriwijaya held a reception to the guests, and dance that was exhibited in Tanggai wedding reception
* Regional Songs such as decks Sangke, Cuk Ilang Mak, CEO, and Ribang Kemambang
* Traditional House of Palembang is Limas House and House Raft
* Ornamental boat festival and competition in the River Musi bidar
Palembang also held a variety of festivals every year, among others “Sriwijaya Festival” held in June in order to commemorate Palembang Anniversary, Bidar and Ornamental Boat Festival celebrates Independence Day, and various festivals commemorating the Islamic New Year, Month of Ramadan, and New Year’s Day .
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